Greek Gods And Human Connections Essay -- essays research papers

The Greek gods and goddess carry many attributes, most human. They are very much like humans in the way that they have weaknesses and strengths. Even though the gods display their characteristics much more drastically than humans do, the similarities are obvious. In Rosenberg and Baker’s book, the Greek gods have many human characteristics such as vengeance, jealously, and love. An example of a human trait is that the Greek gods and goddess displayed excessive vengeance. Whenever anyone committed a crime against him or her, they always take revenge. Zeus is a good example because he often exercised his full authority as head of the Olympians. “When Zeus looked down from Mount Olympus and fire gleaming among Prometheus’ mortals, he controlled the fire in his heart. With cruel laughter he decided how he would punish the mankind'; (Rosenberg and Baker 106). Sometimes it is not a direct insult against the gods but an error in judgement. The gods were very unforgiving of human mistakes. “Apollo took revenge on Midas for his poor taste and even poorer judgement'; (Rosenberg and Baker 144). The gods usually carried the punishment out as soon as the crime was committed. They would not hesitate to use their powers to punish a mortal. It is the strong characteristic of vengeance that make the Greek gods strong and feared. Jealousy was a characteristic just as strong as vengeance. The Greek gods and goddess were jealous of mortals and each othe...

Galveston: A History and a Guide Essay

Galveston: A History and a Guide is primary a reading that introduces the history of this Texan territory as well as to how that particular history affect the said area’s present status. It also correlates it to the direct effect of the said history towards the entire American society today. Likely, the cultures and traditions of the said area in Texas had been clearly shown though this reading in an aim of bringing Texas towards the others who may have never known it yet. A clear picturesque of the Galveston is hosted through this reading through the use of pictures, maps and other overwhelmingly descriptive phrases that aim to make a connection between people who know the place and all the others who do not. Author Information Who else would be able to describe a certain area other than the one who has actually experienced living in it? This is the actual case of David McComb. As a professor of history, McComb managed to author four major books that are pertaining to the Texan past accounts. His constant connection with the historical events that make up a particular place made him rather much competent in handling the narration for the books that he has authored with regards Texas. His undoubted understanding of not only the place but also the people of the areas that he concentrates in, make his books an enjoyable and informative read for many. His enthusiasm in presenting everyone with the knowledge that he particularly has with regards the people who are living within the area makes the narration of the different sections of the books more realistic and imaginatively creative on the part of the ones reading the said written pieces. Thesis of the Book More than identifying Galveston as one of the primary areas the identify the reputation of Texas within the American society; the book of McComb intends to introduce the people living within the said area. The camaraderie among the people living within the said place has been pointed out by the author as a primary factor that characterizes the rapid growth of the small town towards progress. Galveston’s plight towards continuous improvement on its economic, social and even political aspects of progressive social contemplation of growth has actually been the main capturing idea of the reading that McComb created for his readers in this particular material. Through research and narrative approach, the author was indeed able to capture the most significant points that needed consideration on the part of relating to the readers about the truth behind the beauty of Galveston. He points out further that the reason why Galveston never cease to make development on its systems of existence is that its people also never cease to make way for better changes for their society. If there is one thing that is considered by McComb as a primary difference that Galveston has from the others, it is its people. Mc Comb never forgot to take notice of how the said group of communities making up the entire Galveston population continues to establish cooperation even in the middle of change that needs to be implemented to within the traditional norms of the said community. Likely, there are those who might have been giving the idea of change a hard thought, but it could never be denied that majority of the said population remains prepared for the changes in search of benefits that the said changes may offer them and their entire society later on. Most especially, these people, although different and individualistic in character always try to adjust to others living within their community. They themselves make it at least possible that their community would be much welcoming to all others regardless of their differences. Of course, nobody is saying that Galveston is by far the best community there is, although McComb believes that the people making up this particular community makes it quite different from the others. The beauty of the area itself characterizes the people that reside in it. Methodology of the Author With an aim to both inform and entertain readers, Galveston particularly tries to press the readers with bits of informations that he thinks would be most useful for their needs with regards the knowledge that they need to incur about Texas. As he particularly aims that everyone be a part of the audience that he caters to, he uses a narrative voice to entice the readers regardless of their age and their gender. Likely, he used this approach to keep the interest of his primary readers and give them a glimpse towards the full view of the ideas that he wants to share with regards the informations that he know about Texas. Further more, to make the reading more than just the usual text book, he placed in several pictures and maps as well as several important pieces of art that makes the characterization of the Galveston history and present a more vivid image on the minds of the readers. Through these materials, the author was able to create a time-capsule like approach in insisting the informations and messages about Texas that he primarily wants to address to his target readers. Other Book Reviews Some readers have found the book a rather interesting find that makes it a much reasonable piece of writing that should be read through the ages. To quote one, he said about the book: â€Å"The book is short, and $10 is way too much to pay for it. Still, if you can find a used copy, it does provide solid facts about events and people from Galveston’s colorful past. Cabeza de Vaca, Karankawa Indians, Michael B. Menard, Jean Laffite, The Bolivar Ferry, the Galveston harbor, William L. Moody, Battle of Galveston (civil war), 1900 Hurricane, the seawall, the raising if Galveston Island, the Maceo crime family, Prohibition and various tourist attractions are briefly touched on. There are several black and white photographs, including maps and an interesting â€Å"then and now† section about historical landmarks. † (J. Brundige. Amazon. com. http://www. amazon. com/Galveston-History-Guide-Cotten-Popular/dp/0876111789/ref=sr_1_1? ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1215011282&sr=8-1) Clearly, as noted from this review, many would find the book a fine read about the history of Texas. More than informative, it could also be noted for being entertaining through the presentations that it features. Bringing the past of Galveston into reality at present is rather a very interesting approach in presenting the truth behind the history of a place that is now recognized as a part of a simply larger region. Conclusion Everything, every place and every person has its own history. It could not be denied that many believe that whatever that history is, it characterizes the attitude and the being of a certain thing or person that it creates a background of. In the reading authored by McComb with regards Galveston Texas, the provision of such a historical fact actually makes the readers more wonderfully acquainted with the area thus making it a more enjoyable and informative read for everyone who intends to learn about history and how it etches progress within a place towards its present status in the human community. References: J. Brundige. Amazon. com. http://www. amazon. com/Galveston-History-Guide-Cotten-Popular/dp/0876111789/ref=sr_1_1? ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1215011282&sr=8-1. (July 2, 2008) David G. McComb. (2000). Galveston: A History and a Guide (Fred Rider Cotten Popular History Series, No. 15). Texas Christian University Press.

The Effect Of Women s Media - 1517 Words

Alejandra Mendez December 8, 2015 The Effect of Women Identity in Media Research Question: How does the way that women are portrayed on television commercials and advertisements affect the way women are seen in society? Thesis: Woman portrayed on television commercials are stereotyped, sexualized, and have limited roles which affects the way women are seen in society because they are seen as weak, sexualized objects who are dependent upon men. It is important to establish the affects that television has on a women’s image because it influences viewer’s attitudes and beliefs on not only themselves but projects on how they view women in society. Because of many simplifications and generalizations that they produce, stereotypes present incomplete, subjective and sometimes false image of the reality. Woman portrayed on television commercials are stereotyped, sexualized, and have limited roles which affect the way women are seen in society because they are seen as weak, sexualized objects who are dependent upon men. Aside from the obvious factors, women are also seen as passive, materialistic, motherly which affect the women who are viewing these commercials because it affects how they de velop their self-identity. It is safe to conclude that stereotypes exist and are a part of our lives. People act according to these stereotypes because stereotypes are considered socially acceptable. For example, when people think of an advertisement for a household cleaner,Show MoreRelatedThe Media s Effect On Women s Body Image967 Words   |  4 PagesThe Media s Effect on Women s Body Image We live in a body-obsessed culture.  Women feel pressured to have the perfect bodies, and we believe so many lies about what a perfect body is from the media. Women are today influenced by images that we see in the media, and sometimes the influence is so great that we risk our lives trying to portray what we see. Across the board throughout different civilizations, there have been so many distortions of what the perfect body looks like placed in ourRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Women s Body Image1242 Words   |  5 Pages The influence of the media on all aspects of culture and society has been a issue around the world. One of the social cultural aspects particularly influenced by the media is body image. A surprisingly large number of individuals, the majority of which are young women, develop their body image in with the ideas advanced by the media, which judge women’s attractiveness based on how thin they are. Body-image plays a very important role in our individualistic society. Modern beauty image standardsRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Women s Self Esteem1327 Words   |  6 Pagesthis paper, I will argue that the media portrays one image of beauty and this has a damaging effect on women’s mental health, resulting in low self esteem and further deepening gender inequality within our society. I will argue this by discussing the effect media has on women’s self esteem, how the media promotes a patriarchal society and the stereotypes it presents to the public. Finally, I will discuss the sexual objectification of women presented in the media and later examine how individualsRead MoreThe Effect Of Media On Women s Body Image Essay2058 Words   |  9 PagesSeptember 2016 The Effect of Media on Women’s Body Image In this paper, the belief that the media has a negative effect on the body image of women will be discussed. 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They will believe what they see in magazine covers, but the truth is that all those pictures of your favorite models and celebrities have been retouched. They will start comparing themselves with size 0 models. Women believe that to look good and to be pretty, they have toRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Young Women s Body Image2983 Words   |  12 PagesMedia images of unrealistic body images have always been communicated through TV commercia ls, magazines, billboards, and many other advertisements. The latest method of advertisement and communication is social media. Social media was introduced in 2004. It allows users to create profiles, find lost friends and loved ones, and also share pictures and videos. In today s world, social media is the main form of communication among young people. The latest controversy in social media is the negativeRead MoreObjectification Of Women And Women1462 Words   |  6 PagesObjectification of women works with benevolent sexism to further oppress women in the media through its effects on self-esteem and well-being. Rollero’s (2013) article â€Å"Men and women facing objectification: The effects of media models on well-being, self-esteem and ambivalent sexism† examines media representations of men and women and how they are related to levels of sexism and psychological well-being. The literature on objectification has mostly indicated the connection between viewing objectified media representationsRead MoreTodays Unrealistic Body Expectations1311 Words   |  5 PagesModern society portrays good looking men to have broad shoulders, toned arms, six-pack abs, and a small waist while good looking women are viewed to have the characteristics of being slim and fit, having a small waist, lean hips, and perfect skin complexio n. As a result, many people are affected by our own societys portrayals of good looking men and women that they feel pressured into doing whatever it takes and going through extreme measures, most of the time, spending countless hours in the gym

Enthalpy Change Example Problem Ice to Water Vapor

This enthalpy change example problem is the enthalpy change as ice changes state from solid to liquid water and finally to water vapor. Enthalpy Review You may wish to review the Laws of Thermochemistry and Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions before you begin. Problem Given: The heat of fusion of ice is 333 J/g (meaning 333 J is absorbed when 1 gram of ice melts). The heat of vaporization of liquid water at 100Â °C is 2257 J/g. Part a: Calculate the change in enthalpy, ΔH, for these two processes. H2O(s) → H2O(l); ΔH ? H2O(l) → H2O(g); ΔH ? Part b: Using the values you just calculated, determine the number of grams of ice that can be melted by 0.800 kJ of heat. Solution a) Did you notice that the heats of fusion and vaporization were given in joules and not kilojoules? Using the periodic table, we know that 1 mole of water (H2O) is 18.02 g. Therefore: fusion ΔH 18.02 g x 333 J / 1 gfusion ΔH 6.00 x 103 Jfusion ΔH 6.00 kJ vaporization ΔH 18.02 g x 2257 J / 1 gvaporization ΔH 4.07 x 104 Jvaporization ΔH 40.7 kJ So, the completed thermochemical reactions are: H2O(s) → H2O(l); ΔH 6.00 kJH2O(l) → H2O(g); ΔH 40.7 kJ​ b) Now we know that: 1 mol H2O(s) 18.02 g H2O(s) ~ 6.00 kJ So, using this conversion factor: 0.800 kJ x 18.02 g ice / 6.00 kJ 2.40 g ice melted Answer a)Â  H2O(s) → H2O(l); ΔH 6.00 kJÂ   Â   H2O(l) → H2O(g); ΔH 40.7 kJ​ b) 2.40 g ice melted

An Outsider s Perspective On An Alcoholics Anonymous...

An Outsider’s Perspective on an Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting I was given this assignment to do as an observation on an Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting and had to write a paper on what I have observed. I did not know if I could do this without feeling self-indulgence toward the members. After speaking to a member, I could not believe the sensation of listening to that person’s short history of battling Alcoholism. I m glad to be there to learn their negative and positive outcomes in their lives. Group Information I attended a meeting of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) consisted of men and women in a group related to their own environment. This is an open meeting to the public at Awakening Serenity Club on the corner of Dracaea Avenue in Moreno Valley on September 30th at 7:00 p.m. It s a place where most students would not likely come to because there are no street lights; it s very dark at night. I felt the presence of uneasiness in my stomach existing from this environment. I did not know what the expectation was to be expected at this meeting. Regardless of that, I arrived a little early and saw a group of people socializing outside and smoking in the entry way of the Club. I proceeded to walk through the group of people; they said hello to me, and it made me feel at ease. As I entered into the Club there was a strong odor of cigarette smoke in the air that shortened my breath. I observed the surrounding room and noticed it is a square shape room with a big square table toShow MoreRelatedSociol ogy and Group41984 Words   |  168 Pagesclear goal. . According to your textbook, a group s context refers to a. the type and size of the group. b. the group s physical and psychological setting. c. the group s purpose, history, and status. d. the characteristics of and relationships among group members. e. all of the above. Answer: e. all of the above. . 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Produce a detailed and linguistically well-informed Free Essays

Produce a detailed and linguistically well- informed analysis of the editor’s letter from Elle magazine (July 2012) which focuses on the process of ‘synthetic personalisation By harpur91 Produce a detailed and linguistically well-informed analysis of the editor’s letter from Elle magazine Ouly 2012) which focuses on the process of ‘synthetic personalisation What I am going to look like, in relevance to the above question, is the process of synthetic personalisation in the magazine, ELLE (July 2012). I am therefore going to nclude work produced by Norman Fairclough and his ideas on this process, but also including lexical features, conversationalisation; in which can be spilt up into numerous features combined under this discourse. Firstly, however, I am going to have to understand the terms In order to produce a detailed and linguistically well- Informed analysis of the editors letter from said magazine. We will write a custom essay sample on Produce a detailed and linguistically well-informed or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first area I am going to focus on is Synthetic personalisation’. Fairclough defined this concept as being â€Å"a compensatory tendency to give the impression of treating each of the people handled’ en masse as an individual† (Fairclough 2001 :52) this therefore it begins to become a process of addressing the mass audience, whilst speaking to them as they were Individuals. Thus, showing off an element of conversationalisatlon, not only that, but It begins to show Ideas of Informality with the language used throughout articles etc___ However when looking deeper into the Issue. we begin to see that this is only a cover-up, an attempt to give the impression that they are speaking on an informal, one-to-one basis. This therefore shows elements of manipulation; giving us, as the udience a false sense of intimacy, or fake intimacy (Hoggart 1957) with the writer. Furthermore this begins to signify the phoney sense of belonging we have with the text given, we are not seen as being an individual but as a collective group of people. Falrclough would therefore describe and label the concepts spoken above as conversationallsation. As we begin to progress, we begin to see a clear difference In both private and public outputs. â€Å"People do not expect to be spoken down to, lectured or got at’. They expect to be spoken to in a familiar, friendly and informal anner as they were equals on the the same footing as the speaker† (Scannell, 1996:24) not only does this relate to radio and television, but it could be incorporated into the magazine and Journalist Industry. People reading Journalistic products such as ELLE magazine; expect to be treated In a certain way, a way In which Is Informal, conversational In order to gain that Illusion of Individualisation, rather than them addressing the audience as a whole. Conversationalisation is a â€Å"term used by Fairclough (1994:260) who describes it as ‘a restructuring of the boundary between ublic and private orders of discourse’ Fairclough also notes that it involves the use of language that is normally associated with conversation† (Baker 2011 :22) because of tnls, we can Degln to see tnls development Detween tne relatlonsnlp 0T tne speaker and reader therefore creating this emotional connection, rather than it Just being informational. Furthermore â€Å"it could be argued that in capitalist societies, conversationalisation is often used as a way of securing customer loyalty by helping them create the appearance of a personal relationship† (Baker 2011 :23) this therefore inks back to the idea that companies/ in this case ELLE magazine writers have the ability to address a mass audience, but making them feel like they are being spoken to individually. And when it builds this relationship with the reader, they are able to exploit them through subtle, inclusive language. The editor’s letter from ELLE magazine, shows off similar ideas of this informality of conversationalisation, we as the audience, when reading this text, may see it as being something you would sit amongst friends and chat about, thus giving that informal conversation (e. . â€Å"l wanted to pick the star of the show, the person you all want to date – sorry I mean meet) this shows that Joke like attitude women may converse in when with their girlfriends. Thus showing, in essence a form of popular opinion, allowing the readers to feel some sort of connection. Not only this, but specific language used throughout texts of this nature, i. e. fashion magazines, show a clear representation of that conversation amongst friends. And like said previously, the writer begins to address you as an individual, rather than a collective group. This therefore is a clear representation of language; that they are being supportive friends therefore helping another friend out in need. Lexical features are also used throughout this text in order to reinforce the idea of the writer personally addressing their ideas to an individual. For example, pronouns such as; l, you and we are used throughout this text, to make the reader feel connected to this historical fashion debut. An example of this would be; â€Å"this is the first time in ELLE’s 27-year history we have put a man on the cover. I didn’t take the decision lightly- after all, this is a LUXARY fashion magazine for women† not only is it addressing all women, whom have some sort of interest in fashion, but it begins to show off an element that, you as the reader had some sort of insight in picking and being a part of this event. Not only this, but the editor begins to apologise to those, whom thought R-Patz (Robert Pattinson) would grace their historical cover. â€Å"l feel I have to apologise to the R-Patz fans who hoped our first-ever cover man would be him (and told me repeatedly on Facebook and Twitter! ) Again, with the synthetic personalisation aspect, we begin to see that there is a clear formality of the writer-reader element. The fact they apologised, signifies the element of intimacy, thus allowing those to thought he would grace the cover, some clarification into why they chose David Beckham instead. When analysing the editor’s letter in more detail, we begin to see the use of pronouns and how the language and context it is used in conforms to the idea of togetherness. The pronoun; we, is used during the letter, this therefore shows the representation of a hared identity of the audience, not only that but it becomes clear that the language used is in a specific way in which creates the idea of a togetherness for the audience, that they feel a part of this. The pronouns used do not Just simply and directly conform to the friendly stereotype between writer-reader but, they are also used in terms of exclusively, where there used amongst the editorial team therefore contributes to† setting up the producer as a team; the anonymous group voice is a Trlen01y gossip In tne orlentatlon Deneatn tn 5/6) tnls tnereTore hows that the editorial team act like a family, in which create the illusion of a wider- social informal friend-like association between writer-reader. For example â€Å"l knew I had made the right decision as I noted the giddiness among the editorial team before the shoot† this shows the clear representation of the pronouns used in order create the family-like background for the reader, it signifies a family into which collectively decides on what is right. And because of this, we as the audience/reader feel like this is addressing us on a personal/individual level. Not only does language ncorporate the idea of directly addressing an individual rather than a collective group, but the use of parenthesis can also create the idea of a quiet word between friends, therefore backing up this element. Within the editor’s letter from ELLE â€Å"we have done two covers for the newsstand issue (so you can go out and buy the alternative, too) and a very SPECIAL illustrated collectors’ cover for our loyal and much-valued subscribers (weVe also made a video for your eyes only, subscribers† with this, it represents ideas that if you are a loyal subscriber you can get extra ontent etc.. which therefore could symbolise ideas of your much closer friends. Therefore you are able to talk more and gain a more insightful understanding of the content. However this could be represented in a completely different light. The fact that this may mean the exploitation of individuals, in which creating the idea that you can get more from this issue if you become a subscriber, therefore reinforces the capitalist society. Overall when looking at what has been said, I can conclude that synthetic personalisation has played a massive part in the print industry, focusing ore on the fashion magazine ELLE, the fact we are able to see and understand the linguistic features used in order to create this illusion of a friendship connection between writer and reader and how, they have used their power in order to manipulate the audience. And because of this, the audience finds it more helpful knowing that they have some sort of â€Å"friend† to lend a helping hand. Not only that, but because the private and public have started to merge, we are seeing elements of public events being used for private consumption. But people are able to interpret hings different when there in private, than they could if they were in public. But overall, there are so many elements in ELLE magazine which represent the linguistic attributes in exploiting an audience through language and grammer. How to cite Produce a detailed and linguistically well-informed, Papers

Price Theory

Questions: 1.Suppose that the price of milk is Px = $1 per litre, the price of coffee is Py = $4 per cup, and Sally's income is I = $40. Without deriving the optimal Consumption Basket, show that the basket with x = 16 litres of milk, and y = 6 cups of coffee, is NOT optimal.2.Derive the Expression for Sally's marginal rate of Substitution.3.Derive Sally's Demand for co_ee as a function of the Variables Px , Py and 4.Derive Sally's Demand for milk as a function of the variables Px , Py and I. (i.e. Do NOT use the Numerical Values for Px , Py and I, from question 1.) For the purposeof this question you should assume an Interior Optimum.5.Describe the relationship between Sally's Demand for milk and, (a) Sally's Income; (b) The Price of Milk; (c) The Price of Coffee.6. Suppose that Px = $1 and I = $40. Find the Equivalent Variation for an increase in the Price of Coffee from Py1 = $4 to Py2 = $5. Answers: 1.Utility function is a method of assigning a number to every possible consumer bundle such that the more preferred bundles get assigned larger numbers and vice versa. Sallys utility function is given by the equation U(x,y) = xy+2x. Marginal utility is the rate of change of utility brought about by a small change in the amount of the good being consumed by the individual (Varian, 2010). Here the marginal utility of the good x (milk) is given by the equation MUx = y+2. The marginal utility of the good y (coffee) is given by MUy = x. To have an optimal solution it must be such that the slope of the indifference curve must be tangent to the price line. Only in that case would there be no other position where a consumer might have been better off. That would imply that the value of the slope of the utility curve and the absolute value of the slope of the price line must be the same. The slope of the utility curve can be found out by -(MUx / MUy)= -(y+2)/x Putting the values of x and y given in the question, we get -(MUx / MUy)= -0.5 The slope of the price line is (Px/Py). By the information given in the problem, -(Px/Py)= -0.25 Thus as the two values do not match, we can say that the consumption bundle with x=16 and y=6 is not the optimum bundle. 2.Marginal rate of substitution (MRS) is the maximum amount of good that one consumer is willing to forego so that he or she can obtain an additional unit of another good. MRS is given by (MUx / MUy). Thus Sallys marginal rate of substitution is given by (MUx / MUy)= (y+2)/x. Again at optimum this must be equal to the absolute slope of the price line which is given by (Px/Py)= 0.25. Thus Sallys MRS = (MUx / MUy) = (y+2)/x = (Px/Py) = 0.25. 3.The budget line of Sally can be written as Pxx+Pyy= I (1) where I is the total income of the consumer. Again as per the optimality conditions since it is an interior solution, the consumption bundle will only be optimal when MRS =(MUx / MUy) = (y+2)/x = (Px/Py) (2) It can then be written that ((y+2)/x) = (Px/Py) Or, Pxx = Py(y+2) Or, Pxx = Pyy+2Py. (3) Or, Pyy = Pxx-2Py. (4) Putting (3) in (1), we get Pyy+2Py+ Pyy = I Or, 2Pyy+ 2Py = I Or, 2Pyy = I - 2Py Or, y = (I - 2Py)/2Py Or, y = (I /2Py)-1 This is the demand curve of coffee (y). 4.We similarly try to find the demand curve for milk (x). Putting (4) in (1), we get that Pxx + (Pxx-2Py) = I Or, 2Pxx -2Py = I Or, 2Pxx = I+2Py Or, x = (I+2Py)/ 2Px .. (5) This is the demand curve for milk. 5.From the equation (5) we might be able to draw some conclusions about the relationship between the demand for milk (x) by Sally and the income, price of milk and price of coffee. a.From equation (5), we can see that with the increase of income (I), all other variables remaining constant, and the demand for x also rises. There is a direct relationship between the two. Thus for Sally, milk is a normal good. b.Again from equation (5), we see that with the increase in Px (the price of the milk), the amount of milk demanded falls. Thus there is an inverse relationship between demand for milk and price of milk. c.In equation (5), with the increase of Py (price of coffee), quantity demanded of milk increases. Thus there is a direct relationship between the price of the other good and the demand of the good. This would suggest that to Sally, milk and coffee are substitutes. 6.When the price of a commodity changes there are two changes that actually happen in obtaining a new optimal. They are that the purchasing power of income is altered and the rate at which we substitute one good for anther changes. Change in demand due to the change in the rate of exchange is known as substitution effect while change in demand due to having more purchasing power is called income effect (Pindyck et al., 2013). Equivalent variation is the change in welfare that is associated with the change in prices. To find the answer, first we need to find the optimum x and y at the original prices. In fig 1, let the initial budget line be given by RQ and the indifference curve be given by U*. The point of tangency is given by E*(x*,y*). Using equation (5) and putting the value of I=40, Px=1 and Py=4, we get, x = (40 + 2(4))/2(1) Or, x = 48/2 Or, x* = 24 . Putting this value of x* in equation (1) along with I=40, Px=1 and Py=4, we get, (1)(24)+(4)y = 40 Or, y = (40-24)/4 Or, y = 16/4 Or, y* = 4 Thus the initial optimum bundle (x*,y*) is given by (24,4). The utility of this consumption bundle is given by U*. U* = (24)(4)+ 2(24) Or, U* = 144 Now the price of y has increased to 5 and all the other values remain the same. The budget line changes to MR and the utility curve is U**. To find the final consumption basket E** which gives (x**, y**), we replace the values in equation (5), Then, x** = (40+2(5))/2 or, x** = 25 Putting these values in equation (1), we get, (1)(25)+(5)y** = 40 Or, 5y** = 40-25 Or, y** = 15/5 Or, y** = 3 Thus the final consumption basket is (25,3). The utility of the consumer U** is given by U** = (25)(3)+2(25) Or, U** = 125 Now to find the tangency condition at the decomposition consumption basket A (xa, ya), we have to use the tangency condition. So, we try and find an optimum with the original set of prices and the budget line at TS and the new utility curve U**. (MUx / MUy) = (y+2)/x = (Px/Py) = 1/4 Then, xa = 4ya+8(6) Also, since it is on the same indifference curve i.e. utility level as the final solution, (xa)( ya) + 2(xa) = 125 (7) Using (6) and (7), we might can solve for (xa, ya) using these two as simultaneous equations. Or, xa2=125.4 Or, xa = 22.36 We get ya=3.59 The cost of this basket is (22.36)(1) + (3.59)(4) = 36.72 Thus the equivalent variation is 36.72 40 = -3.28. References: Pindyck, R. and Rubinfeld, D. (2013). Microeconomics. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson. Varian, H. (2010). Intermediate microeconomics. New York: W.W. Norton Co.